More evidence that U.S. economists are particularly ill-suited to run the U.S. economy comes via the fascinating exchange in recent days between St. Louis Federal Reserve President James Bullard and a small army of bloggers with PhDs in economics, nearly all of the latter ganging up on Bullard after he suggested that the \u201coutput gap\u201d theory for what ails the U.S. economy may be fundamentally flawed and that attempts to boost overall demand to close that gap through freakishly low interest rates and other super accommodative Federal Reserve policies might end up doing more harm than good.<\/p>\n
Bullard threw a cat amongst the pigeons in this\u00a0speech(.pdf)\u00a0when he noted the following:<\/p>\n
The recent recession has given rise to the idea that there is a very large \u201coutput gap\u201d in the U.S. The story is that this large output gap is \u201ckeeping inflation at bay\u201d and is fodder for keeping nominal interest rates near zero into an indefinite future.\u00a0If we continue using this interpretation of events, it may be very difficult for the U.S. to ever move off of the zero lower bound on nominal interest rates. This could be a looming disaster for the United States.\u00a0<\/strong>I want to now turn to argue that the large output gap view may be conceptually inappropriate in the current situation. We may do better to replace it with the notion of a permanent, one-time shock to wealth.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Recall that I\u2019ve railed on this subject a number of occasions over the years, the last time being this\u00a0offering\u00a0from about six months ago when it was noted:<\/p>\n
The theory posits that it is not important\u00a0what<\/em>\u00a0level of overall demand an economy has reached or how it got there, but that, when all the wheels fall off the wagon as they did back in 2008,\u00a0the imperative is for the government to somehow restore that level of demand. Otherwise, you get another Great Depression.<\/strong><\/p>\n
It makes no difference if, back in 2005, people making $40,000 a year were buying no money down $500,000 homes and then, after the home\u2019s value went up to $600,000 in 2006, pulling out their $100,000 in brand new home equity to put in a pool, buy a motor home, and install big screen TVs in every room of the house because, once you reach a certain level of demand and it begins to drop like a rock because everyone has become indebted up to their eyeballs, it must be restored.<\/p>\n
At that point, it simply becomes a question of how much taxes must be cut or how much money must be borrowed or printed to accomplish that goal.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Of course, I don\u2019t have any models to back up the contention that an unusually large portion of economic output we saw in the middle of the last decade was \u201cartificial\u201d due to the housing bubble, but economists\u00a0do<\/em>\u00a0have models, and that\u2019s the crux of the problem.<\/p>\n
<\/span>As Bullard noted, the models economists use to determine the \u201cpotential\u201d of the U.S. economy, in essence, extrapolates from the pre-2007 period to the post housing bubble period and, as a result, you end up with a big gap between potential and actual output that policy makers are now seeking to close by borrowing and printing money on a scale never before witnessed by Mankind.<\/p>\n
For those of you preferring pictures to words, the chart below by Neil Irwin from this neat little\u00a0interactive graphic\u00a0at the Washington Post might be helpful.<\/p>\n
Being more detached from reality than the population at large, economists seem to prefer the idea of debating ways to close the gap that has developed in recent years rather than thinking about whether the output gap even makes sense as Bullard has suggested.<\/p>\n
The failure to deal with the real world rather than how that reality is reflected in models and the reluctance to venture outside of their analytical comfort zone to embrace common sense (as Bullard clearly has) have clearly produced yet another example where models \u2013 whether they\u2019re good, bad, or indifferent \u2013 rule.<\/p>\n
Models tell economists one thing, but common sense tells the rest of us something very different about what is going on here.<\/strong><\/p>\n
I\u2019d go so far as to argue that the output gap theory is about the absolute worst way to think about an economy because the means become unimportant relative to the end \u2013 and that\u2019s a very dangerous policy for an economy such as ours, prone as it is to asset bubbles.<\/p>\n
Though few economists would read it this way, non-economists might argue that the chart above shows how the small output gap created by the bursting of the internet bubble was addressed under the Greenspan Fed by creating a housing bubble that has now left behind an even bigger output gap.<\/p>\n
And this explains why we didn\u2019t see big excesses in the economic data five or six years ago \u2013 because all our bubble economy was doing at the time was pushing output back to its \u201cpotential\u201d from the 1990s that was also artificial, that is, to the extent that companies like Pets.com aren\u2019t around anymore.<\/p>\n
To a growing number of observers like Bullard,\u00a0it appears that policy makers could now be in the process of creating an even bigger and more destructive asset bubble to close the current output gap,\u00a0<\/strong>not considering the possibility that what they\u2019re really doing is\u00a0 trying to artificially boost demand yet again to have it meet up with a level of potential that is now even more artificial than when the internet bubble burst.<\/p>\n
A list of links are included below for anyone wanting to pursue this further. One can be hopeful that there are individuals like Bullard who are asking tough questions about what passes for conventional wisdom amongst the dismal set, but his self characterization of being \u201can army of one\u201d doesn\u2019t bode well for the future.<\/p>\n
What output gap?\u00a0\u2013 MacroManiac
\nJim Bullard chucks the Solow growth model!- Noahpinion
\nBubbles and Economic Potential\u00a0\u2013 Krugman
\nA loss in wealth should boost economic growth\u00a0\u2013 The Money Illusion
\nThe trend is your friend (until it ends)\u00a0\u2013 MacroManiac
\nIt\u2019s Worse Than You Think\u00a0\u2013 Fed Watch
\nBullard On Duy On Bullard On Potential Output\u00a0\u2013 Econospeak
\nJames Bullard Responds to Tim Duy\u00a0\u2013 Economist\u2019s View
\nAgain With Potential Output\u00a0\u2013 Fed Watch<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"